A study on stryhcnos potatorum and pisum sativum as natural coagulants for meat food processing wastewater

Wastewater generated from meat food processing industry has significant effects on the environment. Many methods have been reported for removing turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil and grease (O&G) and colour from meat food processing wastewater (MFPW). The most common method among them is flocculation-coagulation process which is widely used. Although inorganic coagulants are prominent in wastewater treatments, its application may cause toxic residual. In this study, the attempt has been made to study the performance of S. Potatorum (nirmali) and P. Sativum (pea) seed as natural coagulants in the flocculation process. A further aim is to determine the optimum conditions for the treatment of MFPW effluents such as coagulant dosage, mixing rate and pH. An adsorption study was also carried out to study the adsorption potential of these coagulants to treat MFPW. A lab-scale treatment tank was developed to evaluate the effectiveness in MFPW treatment. Jar test results showed that optimum dosage, pH and mixing rate for S. Potatorum were pH 8 with dosage of 150 mg/L and 150 rpm mixing rate with the removal of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G and colour are 91%, 97.6%, 58.4%, 79.9% and 84.3% respectively. Meanwhile, for P. Sativum, the optimum condition were observed at pH 8 with dosage of 150 mg/L and 150 rpm mixing rate with the removal of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G and colour 87.8%, 97.3%, 65.5%, 77.9% and 76.5% respectively. The adsorption study was found that the analysis fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm for both natural coagulants. Results show that the percentage of turbidity, TSS, COD, O&G removal by chemical coagulants are quite similar than natural coagulants when lab-scale treatment tank was used to treat the MFPW. This indicated that these natural coagulants have a potential to use as alternative in wastewater treatment

A study on stryi-icnos potatorum and pisum sativum as natural coagulants for meat food processing wastewater

Slow maintained load test is widely used by contractors in Malaysia to ensure the driven pile could accommodate the design load of the structure. Slow maintained load test is a test to determine load-settlement curve and pile capacity for a period of time using conventional load test. Conventional static pile load test equipment is large in size thus making it heavier and takes a long time to install. In addition, it consumes a lot of space which causes congestion at construction sites. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to conduct a conventional load test by replacing the pile kentledge load with anchorage and reaction pile. Preparations of ten designs comprising six commercial designs were reviewed. In addition, four proposed designs were suggested for the setup. Final design was produced based on its safety factors and criteria referred via literature review. The test frame consists of reaction frame with four reaction helical pile with two helixes per reaction pile. The deformation shapes, safety factor, stress, and strain of the design and finite element of the model has been analysed with the use of SolidWorks and Pia.xis 30 software. SolidWorks software emphasizes on the model load-deflection relationship while Plaxis 30 ensures a correlation of reaction between pile uplift force and soil. Then, the model was tested on site to determine the relationship between physical load­deflection and pile-soil uplift force. The results of uplift force and displacement for numerical and physical test were nearly identical which increment of load­displacement graph pattern. The higher the uplift force, the higher the displacement obtained. In conclusion, the result obtained and the design may be considered as a guideline for future application of sustainable slow maintained pile load test

Heat and mass transfer of nanofluid flow in the presence of variable stream conditions

The effects of variable thickness, hydromagnetic flow, Brownian motion, heat generation, Thermophoresi, thickness, chemical reaction, porous medium, Lewis number and Prandtl number on heat and mass transfer characteristics and mechanical properties of a moving surface embedded into cooling medium consists of water with nano-particles are studied. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved numerically using fourth-fifth Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method with shooting technique. The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles within the boundary layer are plotted and discussed in details for various values of all mentioned parameters, effect of the cooling medium and flatness on the mechanical properties of the surface are investigated to find the most effective parameters